Subject Introduction to Morphology

Course Title: Introduction to Morphology

Course Code: ENG-407

Credit Hours: 3 (3-0)

Course Outline

I. Introduction to Morphology

• Definition and Scope of Morphology
• The Importance of Morphology in Linguistics
• Morphological Structures Across Languages
• Examples of Morphology in Pakistani Languages (Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, etc.)

II. Types of Morphemes

1. Free Morphemes
   • Roots and Stems
   • Lexical vs. Functional Morphemes
2. Bound Morphemes
   • Affixes (Prefixes, Suffixes, Infixes, Interfixes, Circumfixes)
   • Examples from Pakistani Languages
   • Productivity of Affixes

III. Basics of Phonetic Transcription of Words

• Introduction to Phonetic Symbols
• Transcription of Words and Morphemes
• Phonetic Representation of Morphological Changes

IV. Inflectional Morphology

• Pluralization in Different Languages
• Degree Marking (Comparative and Superlative Forms)
• Verb Forms (Tense, Aspect, and Mood)
• Case Marking in Nouns and Pronouns

V. Derivational Morphology

• Formation of New Words
  • Nouns, Adjectives, Verbs, and Adverbs
• Differences Between Inflectional and Derivational Morphology

VI. Minor Word Formation Processes

• Blending (e.g., smog = smoke + fog)
• Clipping (e.g., advertisement → ad)
• Backformation (e.g., editor → edit)
• Acronyms (e.g., NASA, UNESCO)
• Reduplication (e.g., hocus-pocus, chit-chat)

VII. Compounding in Morphology

• Endocentric Compounds (e.g., blackboard, sunflower)
• Exocentric Compounds (e.g., pickpocket, cutthroat)
• Copulative Compounds (e.g., bittersweet, sleepwalk)

VIII. Morphological Productivity

• Frequency and Usability of Morphemes
• The Role of Productivity in Language Evolution

IX. Morphology of Pakistani Languages

• Word Formation Processes in Urdu, Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, and Other Languages
• Analysis of Word Forms in Pakistani Languages

X. Morpho-Semantics

• Meaning Changes in Word Formation Processes
• Semantic Shifts in Morphology

XI. Morphology and Its Interfaces

1. Morphology-Phonology Interface
   • How Morphology Affects Phonetics and Sound Changes
2. Morphology-Syntax Interface
   • The Role of Morphology in Sentence Structure

Learning Outcomes

✔️ Understand the fundamental concepts of morphology and word formation
✔️ Analyze and classify morphemes across different languages
✔️ Examine the morphological structures of Pakistani languages
✔️ Explore the relationship between morphology, phonetics, and syntax
✔️ Apply morphological principles to linguistic analysis

Introduction to Morphology

• 25 Clipped Words
• Acronym Meaning
• Adjective Derivation
• Backformation in Morphology
• Blending in Morphology
• Circumfixes Examples
• Degree Marking
• Derivational Morphology
• Formation of Nouns
• Formation of Verbs
• Fundamentals of Phonetic Transcription:
• Infixes, Basics of Phonetic Transcription, and Inflectional Morphology, Pluralization
• Inflectional Morphology Pluralization
• Introduction of Morphology
• Introduction to infixes
• Minor Process of Derivation for Adverbs
• Morphemes
• Morphology with Pakistani languages examples
• Prefixes in Morphology
• Productivity of Affixes
• Quick Study of Morphemes
• Reduplication in Morphology
• Study of Morphemes
• Suffixes in Morphology
• Verb Forms in Morphology
• Verb minor process of derivation

📚 Recommended Books for “Introduction to Morphology” (ENG-407)

🔹 Core Books on Morphology

1. Aronoff, M. (1994). Morphology by Itself. MIT Press, Cambridge.
2. Bauer, L. (2001). Morphological Productivity. Cambridge University Press.
3. Bauer, L. (2003). Introducing Linguistic Morphology. Edinburgh University Press.
4. Booij, G. (2005). The Grammar of Words: An Introduction to Linguistic Morphology.
5. McCarthy, A. C. (2002). An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh University Press.
6. Plag, I. (2002). Word Formation in English. Cambridge University Press.

🔹 Morphology and Linguistics in Pakistani Languages

7. David et al. (2009). Urdu Morphology. Oxford University Press, London.
8. Mangrio, R. A. (2016). The Morphology of Loanwords in Urdu: The Persian, Arabic, and English Strands. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, Newcastle upon Tyne.

🔹 Specialized Studies in Morphology

9. Halpern, A. (1995). On the Placement & Morphology of Clitics. CSLI Publications, Stanford.
10. Yu, A. C. (2006). A Natural History of Infixation. Oxford University Press, Chicago.
11. Zwicky, A. (1985). How to Describe Inflection. Proceedings of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 11: 372-386. Berkeley, California.
12. Zwicky, A., & Pullum, G. (1992). A Misconceived Approach to Morphology. Proceedings of WCCFL 91, CSLI, Palo Alto.

🔹 Books on Syntax (Morphology-Syntax Interface)

13. Miller, J. (2002). An Introduction to English Syntax. Edinburgh University Press.
14. Prasad, T. (2012). A Course in Linguistics. New Delhi: PHI Publications.
15. Sells, P., & Kim, J. (2007). English Syntax: An Introduction.
16. Tallerman, M. (2015). Understanding Syntax (4th ed.). Routledge, London.
17. Wekker, H., & Haegeman, L. M. (1985). A Modern Course in English Syntax. Croom Helm.
18. Van Valin, R. Jr. (2001). An Introduction to Syntax. Cambridge University Press.